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ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) — Previous Year Questions

📊 Overview​

  • Frequency: 6 questions | Papers: 5/27 | 🟡 Medium Priority
  • Most common: Symptoms, identification, and management/remedial measures

📝 Master Answer (250 words / 6 marks)​

Q. What is ADHD? Discuss the remedial measures for ADHD programmes at school and in families. (6 marks)​

Definition

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning and development. It is one of the most common childhood disorders, affecting approximately 5–7% of children, and often persists into adolescence and adulthood.

Types of ADHD (DSM-5)

  1. Predominantly Inattentive: Difficulty sustaining attention, following instructions, organising tasks; easily distracted; forgetful
  2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive: Excessive motor activity, talking, fidgeting; difficulty waiting; impulsive decision-making
  3. Combined Presentation: Both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms

Key Symptoms

  • Cannot sustain attention on tasks or play activities
  • Does not follow through on instructions
  • Loses materials needed for tasks
  • Blurts out answers; cannot wait for turn
  • Runs or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations
  • Seems not to listen when spoken to directly

Identification

Assessment includes: teacher and parent behaviour rating scales (e.g., Conners' Scale), structured clinical interviews, continuous performance tests (CPT), and educational achievement testing. Diagnosis requires symptoms in multiple settings (home and school) for at least 6 months.

Remedial Measures

At School:

  • Preferential seating (front, away from distractions)
  • Short, clear instructions; break tasks into steps
  • Frequent breaks and movement opportunities
  • Extended time on tests
  • Token economy and positive reinforcement systems
  • Collaborative planning with special educators

At Home:

  • Consistent daily routines and structure
  • Clear, short rules with immediate consequences
  • Parent training programmes (e.g., Barkley's Parent Training)
  • Homework support: quiet environment, scheduled breaks
  • Coordination with school on behavioural strategies
  • Family therapy to address relational stress

Medical Management: Stimulant medication (methylphenidate / Ritalin) combined with behavioural intervention is considered most effective.

Related Content: 📚 Mental Retardation, ADHD & Physical Disabilities

📅 Key Previous Year Questions​

  • ADHD — symptoms, identification and management (multiple years)
  • Remedial measures for ADHD at school and family level

💡 Exam Tips​

  • Always define ADHD + list the three types (inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined)
  • For remedial measures: separate school strategies from home/family strategies using sub-headings
  • Mention parent training as an evidence-based family intervention
  • Note that combined medication + behavioural intervention is most effective