Master causal comparative (ex-post-facto) research design — its definition, procedure, data analysis techniques (t-test, ANOVA, chi-square), and comparison with correlational and experimental designs.
Comprehensive answers to all previous year questions on Ex-Post Facto Research in MPC-005 Research Methods (12 papers, 2011–2024)
Understand ex-post facto research—its definition, forms of research design (prospective vs retrospective), and key characteristics that distinguish it from other methods.
Learn the systematic steps of conducting ex-post facto research, evaluate its strengths and limitations, and understand the post hoc fallacy that threatens causal conclusions.
Compare experimental and ex-post facto research designs and learn the three essential conditions for inferring causal relationships in psychological research.
Understand quasi-experimental design — its meaning, multiple definitions, key distinctions from true experimental design, and why it is essential in psychological research.